THC-Dominant Medicines for Chronic Pain Relief

December 1, 2025

About author

Clark Harrison

THC-dominant medicines are emerging as a solution for managing chronic pain when other treatments fail. These medicines interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system to reduce pain signals and inflammation. Research highlights their effectiveness, with some studies showing pain reduction by up to 50% and improved sleep and daily functioning. Compared to opioids, they have a much lower risk of dependency and are generally well-tolerated.

In the UK, accessing THC-dominant treatments via the NHS is rare due to strict guidelines, but private clinics like Elios Clinics offer a streamlined process. Eligibility typically requires a diagnosis of chronic pain that hasn’t responded to standard treatments. Patients can begin with low doses (e.g., 7.5 mg daily) and adjust gradually under medical supervision.

Key points:

THC-dominant medicines are effective for conditions like neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and multiple sclerosis-related pain.
They are safer than opioids, with fewer side effects and lower dependency risks.
Access in the UK is primarily through private clinics, with costs starting at £20 per month.
Treatments are personalised, often combining THC with CBD for better results.

For those struggling with chronic pain, THC-based medicines offer an alternative that could improve quality of life while reducing reliance on traditional painkillers.

Cannabis and pain management

What Are THC-Dominant Cannabis Medicines?

THC-dominant cannabis medicines are treatments where tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary cannabinoid, present in much higher concentrations than cannabidiol (CBD) or other cannabinoids. Among the 140+ cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant, THC and CBD are the most well-known and widely studied.

These medicines come in various forms, including oils, sprays, capsules, and pure extracts, often in ratios like 10:1 or 20:1. They are typically prescribed by specialist clinics for conditions such as chronic neuropathic pain. The formulation plays a key role in their use: THC-dominant products are often chosen for pain relief and sleep improvement, while CBD-dominant options are more commonly used to address anxiety and depression. This distinction helps doctors tailor treatments to suit specific conditions and symptoms, laying the groundwork for understanding how THC alleviates pain.

How THC Works for Pain Management

To understand how THC helps manage pain, it’s essential to look at its interaction with the body’s endocannabinoid system. THC works by engaging with this system in multiple ways. It acts as a partial agonist at CB1 receptors, which are primarily responsible for its psychoactive effects, as well as its ability to reduce pain and promote sedation. It also interacts with CB2 receptors, which are found on immune cells and play a role in controlling inflammation. This dual action not only reduces the transmission of pain signals but also helps regulate inflammatory responses, improving symptom control.

Studies have shown that THC can significantly reduce pain intensity across a range of conditions, further supporting its use in chronic pain management. Delta-9 THC may also help by influencing pain memory and improving mood. However, it’s worth noting that THC-dominant medicines are not suitable for treating acute or short-term pain. Interestingly, research suggests that THC therapy may enhance the effectiveness of other treatments, such as antidepressants and anticonvulsants, and potentially reduce the need for these medications in neuropathic pain cases. These mechanisms highlight why THC-dominant products stand apart from other cannabis-based treatments.

THC-Dominant vs Other Cannabis Formulations

Choosing the right cannabis formulation is crucial for effective treatment. Here’s how THC-dominant medicines compare to other formulations:

THC-Dominant Medicines: These are highly effective for relieving pain, especially neuropathic pain, but can cause pronounced psychoactive effects like drowsiness or euphoria.
CBD-Dominant Medicines: These provide relief with minimal cognitive effects, making them ideal for patients avoiding psychoactivity. However, they may not be as effective for severe pain.
Balanced THC:CBD Medicines: Products like Sativex offer a middle ground, where CBD can lessen THC’s psychoactivity while enhancing its therapeutic benefits.

Formulation Type	Primary Use	Psychoactive Effects	Best Suited For
THC-Dominant	Pain and sleep	Pronounced	Severe chronic pain requiring strong relief
CBD-Dominant	Anxiety and depression	Minimal	Milder pain with limited cognitive side effects
Balanced THC:CBD	Multiple conditions	Moderate (CBD reduces THC effects)	Effective relief with fewer side effects

Research indicates that while balanced THC:CBD products may deliver the best overall pain relief with fewer side effects, the choice of formulation depends on the patient’s symptoms and tolerance. For example, a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis found THC-dominant products excelled in pain relief, while balanced formulations were rated higher for quality of life and safety.

The method of administration also plays a role in outcomes. For instance, oral THC-rich oils, titrated to around 30 mg daily, have been shown to improve fatigue, daily functioning, and overall symptom management in fibromyalgia patients. Meanwhile, inhaled cannabis with 6% THC and 11% CBD provided pain relief in 67.2% of patients and completely eliminated pain in 34.5% within two hours, with effects lasting up to 48 hours.

Specialist clinics are instrumental in guiding patients through these options, considering factors like the type and severity of pain, tolerance to psychoactive effects, and any mental health history.

How Effective Are THC-Dominant Medicines for Chronic Pain?

Research and patient data suggest that THC-dominant medicines can be effective in managing chronic pain. Here’s a closer look at the evidence supporting their use.

Clinical Research and Evidence

Studies show that THC-dominant medicines often outperform traditional pain treatments. In one analysis, THC-dominant products scored 72 out of 100 for benefits, surpassing commonly prescribed painkillers like tramadol (52), ibuprofen (51), methadone (4), oxycodone (40), and morphine (36). Medicines combining THC and CBD scored even higher at 79, with CBD-dominant products at 75.

A 2017 review of nearly 10,000 studies found "substantial evidence" supporting cannabis for chronic pain, particularly for conditions like neuropathic and nociplastic pain, which often involve inflammation.

Patient outcomes also highlight the effectiveness of THC treatments. A survey of 172 patients using an average of 7.5 mg daily THC over seven months reported significant reductions in pain intensity. For fibromyalgia patients, pain scores dropped from 7.9 out of 10 to 4.4 out of 10. Similarly, patients with inflammatory or trauma-induced central neuropathic pain experienced pain reductions from 7.6–9.3 out of 10 to 3.8–5.3 out of 10 during treatment.

THC-dominant medicines also show a favourable safety profile compared to opioids, with lower potential for abuse. THC/CBD combination medicines have negligible dependence and abuse potential, and their side effects are generally milder than those of many traditional medications.

Long-term studies further support their use. In a 12-month observational study of cancer pain patients, THC-based treatments helped reduce overall medication use and reliance on opioids. This suggests that THC-dominant medicines can not only relieve pain but also lower the burden of other medications.

However, the regulatory landscape in the UK remains cautious. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) reports that cannabis-based medicines were only 17% more effective than placebo (54% vs. 46%) at achieving a 30% reduction in chronic pain. Consequently, NICE does not currently endorse cannabis-based products for chronic pain, citing insufficient evidence, and no licensed cannabis-based pain treatments are available in the UK. That said, NICE does recommend a four-week trial of THC:CBD spray (Sativex®) for treating moderate to severe spasticity in adults with multiple sclerosis when other treatments fail.

Chronic Pain Conditions That Respond to THC-Dominant Medicines

THC-dominant treatments have shown promise across a range of chronic pain conditions:

Neuropathic pain: THC is particularly effective for nerve pain, as it interacts with cannabinoid receptors to target the underlying mechanisms of this condition.
Multiple sclerosis-related pain and spasticity: NICE recommends a four-week trial of THC:CBD spray for moderate to severe spasticity in adults with MS. This treatment addresses both neuropathic pain and muscle spasticity, offering dual benefits.
Cancer pain: THC:CBD balanced products have been shown to relieve cancer pain while reducing overall medication use. The 12-month study on cancer pain patients highlighted consistent reductions in drug dependency with THC-dominant treatments.
Fibromyalgia: Patients with fibromyalgia have reported significant improvements, including reduced fatigue and better daily function. Pain scores dropped dramatically from 7.9 to 4.4 out of 10 with oral THC-rich oils titrated to around 30 mg daily.
Complex regional pain syndrome: This rare neuropathic condition, often resistant to conventional treatments, may benefit from THC-dominant medicines.
Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders: Inhaled cannabis containing 6% THC and 11% CBD provided pain relief for 67.2% of patients, with 34.5% experiencing complete pain relief within two hours. These effects lasted up to 48 hours, making it a useful option for managing flare-ups.

The effectiveness of THC-based treatments depends on dosage and administration methods. Across studies, cannabinoids typically achieve modest pain reductions – 4 to 9 points on a 0–100 scale – comparable to standard medications. Starting with low doses, such as 7.5 mg daily, and gradually increasing helps optimise results while minimising side effects. Regular patient monitoring is crucial to ensure the best outcomes.

Beyond pain relief, THC-dominant medicines can improve sleep quality, mood, and overall daily functioning. For example, one patient reported significant improvements in neuropathic pain, poor sleep, and low mood after starting medical cannabis.

However, not all patients respond well. About 25% may discontinue treatment due to side effects or insufficient pain relief. THC-dominant medicines should also be avoided in individuals prone to depression, psychosis, or suicidal thoughts, as these conditions can worsen with use.

Elios Clinics offers tailored medical cannabis treatments for chronic pain, including eligibility assessments, video consultations with GMC-approved doctors, and customised treatment plans. Their patient-centred approach ensures that each individual receives the right formulation and dosage for their specific condition and needs.

Safety and Side Effects

When managing chronic pain with THC-dominant medicines, understanding their safety profile is essential. While these medicines generally pose fewer risks compared to traditional pain medications, it’s important to be aware of potential side effects and situations where they might not be suitable.

Common Side Effects

THC-dominant medicines are often associated with mild, non-serious side effects, which are typically linked to dosage and may lessen over time due to tachyphylaxis (a reduced response after repeated use). The most common side effects include drowsiness, dry mouth, and cognitive changes. Starting with a low dose and gradually increasing it can help minimise these issues.

A study involving 172 patients who used an average of 7.5 mg of delta-9-THC over seven months revealed that around 28% stopped treatment early due to side effects, insufficient pain relief, or cost concerns. Cognitive effects – such as temporary difficulties with focus, memory, or reaction time – are most noticeable during the initial dose adjustment phase but tend to decrease as tolerance builds. Patients are advised to avoid activities requiring full mental alertness, like operating machinery or making critical decisions, until they understand how the medicine affects them.

Drowsiness and dry mouth are manageable side effects that often improve with gradual dose adjustments. The method of taking the medicine also influences side effects. For example, oral preparations act more slowly but last longer, whereas inhaled forms take effect quickly but wear off sooner.

Importantly, THC-dominant medicines carry a much lower risk of dependency compared to opioid-based painkillers.

Dependency Risks Compared to Opioids

One of the key benefits of THC-dominant medicines is their significantly lower dependency risk compared to opioids like morphine, fentanyl, and oxycodone. Clinical evidence shows that THC/CBD combination medicines have minimal potential for abuse or dependence, making them a safer alternative for pain management.

A multi-criteria decision analysis comparing medical cannabis with nine commonly prescribed neuropathic pain treatments highlighted this advantage. THC-dominant formulations scored 72 out of 79 for overall effectiveness, whereas opioids like methadone scored just 4, with morphine and fentanyl scoring 36 and 33, respectively. Many patients transitioning to medical cannabis report a reduced reliance on other medications, including opioids, during treatment.

However, THC-dominant medicines are not suitable for everyone. Individuals with a history of depression, psychosis, or suicidal tendencies should avoid these treatments, as THC may worsen these conditions. For those concerned about THC-related side effects, CBD-dominant medicines could be an alternative, offering a better safety profile. However, it’s worth noting that the strongest evidence for pain relief comes from THC/CBD combination products.

Driving and Drug Interactions

Patients using THC-dominant medicines must also consider practical factors like driving and possible interactions with other medications. In the United Kingdom, driving under the influence of THC is illegal, and roadside drug testing is enforced. THC can impair reaction time, motor skills, and cognitive function – abilities critical for safe driving. Patients should refrain from driving or operating machinery until they are confident in how the medication affects them.

When it comes to drug interactions, THC-dominant medicines generally have minimal effects. For example, studies have shown they can be safely used alongside anticoagulants like warfarin when properly monitored, without significantly affecting INR levels. However, THC may influence the metabolism of other drugs due to its effects on liver enzymes and cannabinoid receptors, so a thorough medication review is essential before starting treatment. Regular monitoring and dose adjustments ensure safe use alongside other medicines.

To ensure safety, patients should attend follow-up appointments to evaluate the treatment’s effectiveness, manage side effects, and address any new drug interactions. Quarterly check-ups allow healthcare providers to adjust doses, monitor pain levels, and resolve concerns promptly. During these visits, patients should report any side effects, mood changes, driving issues, or updates to their medication regimen.

At Elios Clinics, patients benefit from thorough monitoring as part of their medical cannabis treatment. With regular assessments by GMC-approved doctors, the clinic’s patient-centred approach ensures both safety and optimal treatment outcomes.

Dosing and Treatment Plans

When it comes to managing chronic pain with THC-dominant medicines, precision is everything. Unlike standard painkillers with fixed doses, cannabis-based treatments require a personalised approach. Every patient has a unique pain profile, medical history, and tolerance level, making tailored dosing essential. Starting with the right dose and adjusting gradually forms the backbone of effective pain management.

Starting Doses and Gradual Adjustments

The "start low, go slow" approach is widely recommended. By beginning with a small dose, clinicians can identify the minimum amount needed to provide relief while limiting side effects. Higher doses often lead to more pronounced side effects, so this cautious method helps patients acclimatise to the treatment without overwhelming psychoactive effects that might discourage them from continuing.

For instance, a patient with neuropathic pain might start with a low dose of THC-dominant oil at night. This initial dose not only helps with sleep disturbances but also serves as a baseline for further adjustments. Clinical data show that titration – gradually increasing the dose – can lead to significant improvements. For example, some fibromyalgia patients find relief with oral THC-rich oils titrated up to 30 mg per day, improving fatigue, daily functioning, and overall symptoms.

Over time, patients work with their doctors to fine-tune their dose. One study on central chronic pain reported that patients experienced a drop in maximum pain intensity from 8.7 ± 1.7 to 4.9 ± 2.4 after THC treatment. Regular follow-ups, often every three months, are essential to assess progress, manage side effects, and adjust dosing if needed. Adjustments might include increasing the THC dose or altering the THC:CBD ratio when initial doses don’t fully control symptoms.

The method of administration also plays a role in dosing. Oral preparations are slower to act but provide longer-lasting effects, making them ideal for baseline pain management. On the other hand, inhaled forms act quickly and are useful for sudden, breakthrough pain.

At Elios Clinics, treatment plans are customised following a thorough consultation. GMC-approved doctors consider the patient’s medical history, symptoms, and past treatments to determine the right strain and dosage. Patients receive detailed guidance on how to use their medication and monitor changes, with follow-ups scheduled to fine-tune the treatment plan.

Combining THC-Dominant Medicines with Other Formulations

Personalised dosing can also involve combining different formulations to target specific symptoms. For example, pairing THC-dominant medicines with balanced THC:CBD formulations often improves pain relief while reducing side effects. Adding CBD to THC not only enhances pain control but also offsets some of THC’s adverse effects.

Balanced THC:CBD products (1:1 ratio) are particularly effective for improving quality of life and have a strong safety profile. However, THC-dominant products are often better at relieving pain, scoring 72 out of 79 points for managing neuropathic pain in one study. This suggests that a combination approach can leverage the strengths of both.

A practical example involves using a balanced THC:CBD product during the day for steady pain relief, with a low dose of THC-dominant oil at night to address sleep issues. This dual-dosing method is especially beneficial for patients dealing with multiple symptoms, such as pain, sleep disturbances, and mood changes.

For cancer pain, balanced THC:CBD products tend to provide better overall relief than THC- or CBD-dominant products alone. However, patients who don’t respond well to balanced formulations may benefit from adding THC-dominant medicines for extra pain control. The choice depends on the individual’s symptoms, pain type, and tolerance to psychoactive effects.

Clinicians often start with balanced formulations due to their safety, introducing THC-dominant products later if needed. This staged approach gives patients time to adjust to cannabinoids before increasing THC levels. Additionally, THC medicines can complement traditional painkillers. Research shows that introducing medical cannabis often reduces overall medication use, including opioids, over the first three follow-up visits. This reduction not only lowers the risk of side effects but also simplifies pain management.

When integrating THC into a broader treatment plan, clinicians assess the current medication regimen, start with low doses of THC, and gradually reduce other medications as pain improves. Special attention is needed for patients on anticoagulants like warfarin, as THC can affect their efficacy, requiring regular monitoring of INR levels.

Patients are encouraged to keep a symptom diary to track pain, sleep, mood, and side effects. This helps guide discussions during follow-ups and ensures treatment adjustments are evidence-based. It’s important to set realistic expectations – cannabinoids typically reduce pain by 4 to 9 points on a 0 to 100 scale. While this is meaningful, some residual symptoms may remain even with optimised dosing.

Elios Clinics prioritises patient-centred care, working closely with GPs and other healthcare providers to ensure a well-rounded treatment plan. By taking into account all aspects of a patient’s care, including conventional treatments, they aim to provide effective pain relief while maintaining safety and quality of life. These strategies form the basis of successful treatment in specialist clinics.

How to Access THC-Dominant Medicines in the UK

Although medical cannabis has been legal in the UK since 2018, gaining access to it remains a challenge for many. The NHS rarely prescribes these treatments due to limited UK-based clinical studies and strict eligibility criteria. A 2019 review by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) revealed that cannabis-based medicines were only 17% more effective than a placebo in providing a 30% reduction in chronic pain – an outcome deemed insufficient for routine NHS use. As a result, patients seeking THC-dominant medicines often need to turn to private specialist clinics. These clinics provide a clear set of eligibility criteria and a streamlined process for accessing treatment.

Patient Eligibility Requirements

Patients hoping to access THC-dominant medicines through private clinics must meet specific criteria. Typically, this means having a diagnosed physical or mental health condition that hasn’t responded well to conventional treatments. Documented evidence of failed pain management is often required.

One of the main qualifying conditions is chronic neuropathic pain, which affects around one in 11 people in the UK. Another is complex regional pain syndrome, a rare and challenging neuropathic disorder where standard pain relief options are limited. Cancer pain may also qualify, particularly if balanced THC:CBD formulations have not provided sufficient relief.

In addition to chronic pain, THC-dominant medicines may be considered for conditions such as fibromyalgia, pain associated with multiple sclerosis, and other neurological problems. Psychiatric conditions like anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may also qualify, along with insomnia. Some clinics extend treatment to gastrointestinal and dermatological conditions, as well as symptoms like nausea and appetite loss caused by chemotherapy or HIV/AIDS.

However, THC-dominant treatments are usually avoided in cases of depression, psychosis, or suicidal ideation. Patients on anticoagulants like warfarin require careful monitoring of INR levels to ensure safety. During the eligibility process, doctors evaluate these factors alongside the patient’s overall medical history.

Getting Treatment Through Specialist Clinics

Once eligibility is confirmed, accessing treatment through private clinics is a straightforward process. No GP referral is needed, which can help bypass the reluctance some GPs have towards medical cannabis.

Patients typically begin with an online eligibility assessment. If they qualify, they’ll have a video consultation with a GMC-approved doctor who creates a tailored treatment plan. After the prescription is issued, many clinics offer next-day medication delivery, allowing patients to start treatment quickly.

Elios Clinics is a notable example of this patient-focused approach. Their GMC-approved doctors conduct video consultations to assess eligibility and design personalised care plans. Patients receive ongoing support, including follow-up appointments every three months to monitor progress, manage side effects, and adjust dosages as needed. For those on anticoagulants, close INR monitoring is part of the care process.

"Our specialist clinicians at Elios Clinics are working hand in hand with your GP or other health professionals, and are always available in case you have any questions."

Elios Clinics

Elios Clinics operate across multiple UK locations and offer a user-friendly online dashboard for managing prescriptions and appointments at any time.

For the first consultation, patients should prepare relevant documents, such as a detailed history of their chronic pain, records of medications they’ve tried (noting any ineffective or adverse outcomes), and information on mental health concerns like depression or psychosis.

It’s important to note that private clinic consultations and medications are not covered by the NHS. Elios Clinics aim to keep costs transparent and affordable. They offer a quarterly subscription at £60 per quarter (£240 annually), covering the initial consultation, four follow-up appointments, monthly prescriptions, and access to the online dashboard. Alternatively, patients can choose a monthly subscription at £20 per month (also £240 annually) or a pay-as-you-go option at £50 per session. Additional services, such as cannabis travel letters for £10, are also available.

"Our healthcare professionals are trained to assess your condition, recommend appropriate cannabis strains, and offer ongoing support throughout your treatment."

Elios Clinics

This process provides a practical and reliable route for patients with chronic conditions to access THC-dominant medicines. With expert guidance, personalised care plans, and convenient services, specialist clinics offer a valuable option when conventional treatments fall short.

Conclusion

THC-dominant medicines have emerged as a proven option for managing chronic pain, particularly when standard treatments fall short. These medicines work through the body’s endocannabinoid system to help reduce pain and inflammation – an effect supported by numerous clinical studies.

Research consistently shows that these treatments can reduce pain by around 40–50%, while also improving sleep, mood, and daily functioning. Beyond just lowering pain levels, they contribute to a better quality of life, which is crucial for individuals dealing with chronic conditions.

Compared to opioids, THC-dominant medicines offer a safer alternative. They carry a lower risk of dependence, and side effects are often mild and can be managed through gradual dose adjustments. This makes them a practical choice for long-term use in pain management.

In the UK, accessing these treatments typically involves working with specialist clinics, as NHS prescriptions remain uncommon. Clinics like Elios Clinics provide a clear pathway to care, starting with eligibility assessments and video consultations with GMC-approved doctors. They also coordinate with patients’ GPs to ensure comprehensive, ongoing support.

For many, this personalised approach means not just relief from pain but also an improvement in overall wellbeing. Patients with conditions such as chronic neuropathic pain, cancer-related pain, or complex regional pain syndrome can begin with low doses (around 7.5 mg daily), adjusting treatment based on their individual needs. Combining THC-dominant products with other cannabis formulations allows for tailored care that addresses both pain relief and broader health goals.

Managing chronic pain often involves a process of trial and adjustment, and THC-dominant medicines provide a valuable option in this journey. Backed by strong clinical evidence, a favourable safety profile, and the ability to reduce reliance on riskier medications, these treatments offer a practical and accessible solution through specialist clinics. For patients, they represent a chance to explore a treatment that could make a meaningful difference in their lives.

FAQs

How effective and safe are THC-dominant medicines compared to traditional painkillers for managing chronic pain?

THC-dominant medicines have shown promise in managing chronic pain by working with the body’s endocannabinoid system – a system crucial for regulating pain. Unlike traditional painkillers that typically target specific receptors or inflammatory pathways, THC takes a broader approach to influence pain perception. This makes it a potential option for individuals dealing with conditions that don’t respond well to conventional treatments.

When it comes to safety, THC-based medicines are generally well-tolerated under medical supervision. Common side effects might include dizziness, dry mouth, or mild sedation, but these are usually manageable. Importantly, THC treatments come with a much lower risk of dependency or overdose compared to opioids, which is a major advantage. To find the most appropriate treatment, it’s essential to consult a qualified healthcare professional. Clinics like Elios Clinics focus on providing personalised medical cannabis treatments that emphasise both safety and effective results.

What are the possible side effects of THC-dominant medicines for chronic pain, and how can they be managed?

THC-dominant medicines can be helpful in managing chronic pain, but they can come with a few side effects. Some of the most common ones include drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness, and changes in appetite. In some cases, people might also notice temporary effects on memory or concentration.

To keep these side effects under control, it’s essential to stick to the dosage instructions given by your doctor. Starting with the lowest effective dose is often a good approach. Simple steps like staying hydrated, steering clear of alcohol, and using THC medicines in a safe, comfortable setting (like your home) can also make a big difference. If you find the side effects are lingering or becoming bothersome, it’s a good idea to reach out to your doctor. They can adjust your treatment plan or provide further advice to help.

At Elios Clinics, patient safety is our top priority. We work closely with you to customise your treatment plan, aiming to achieve the best results while keeping side effects to a minimum.

How can patients in the UK access THC-dominant medicines, and what are the eligibility requirements?

To obtain THC-dominant medicines in the UK, patients must schedule an initial consultation with a medical professional. During this appointment, the doctor reviews the patient’s medical history and symptoms. Generally, eligibility hinges on having a diagnosed physical or mental health condition that hasn’t responded well to standard treatments.

Elios Clinics offers a straightforward service, featuring video consultations with GMC-approved doctors, customised treatment plans, and next-day delivery of prescribed medication. This ensures that patients receive safe, high-quality care designed around their specific needs.